Health & Beauty

Mental health: Depression and anxiety in young mothers is up by 50%

We know that depression and anxiety in mothers can have an influence on their child at any point in the child’s life. Arguably, however, antenatal depression – which occurs during pregnancy – is the period of greatest risk to the child
While pregnant, the stress hormones and other physiological consequences of depression and anxiety that circulate in the mother’s system are also picked up by the developing foetus, through the placenta and in the womb. This can alter the way a baby’s stress system develops.

Depression during and after pregnancy comes at a critical time for the baby. It can make it more difficult for the mother to interact with her baby, especially during times when the infant is distressed. Depressed ways of thinking and behaving may get picked up by the child in an ongoing cycle of learnt behaviour.
It’s very difficult to prove what may have led to an increase in young pregnant women feeling this way. However, when trying to understand rises in anxiety and depression we can look to what has changed across the generations.

It’s possible that this new generation of pregnant women are more comfortable talking about their emotions and better able to answer the questions accurately. In this case, it doesn’t negate the fact that 25% of young pregnant women today are depressed, but it may suggest that in the 1990s it was similarly high but women were less able or willing to express it.

Depression and anxiety

However, there have been two key changes in the living standards of young mothers in the last three decades that could have caused a genuine increase in depression.

There has been a substantial increase in working motherhood since the 1990s, with more young women reaching higher levels of education and wanting a career. The increasing cost of living and soaring house prices mean that there is little choice for most and two incomes from a woman and her partner is the norm. The physical burden of working while pregnant, the financial pressures of often uncertain maternity pay, and the psychological impact of expecting the perfect career and family are all likely to have taken their toll. Partners also play a vital role in sharing this burden and can also need support.

The generation entering motherhood now will have also been the first to grow up alongside social media. When Facebook launched in 2004, the children born at the start of the study were in their early teens. This generation of young mothers will have been inundated with more information and social comparisons as they enter their first pregnancy, and it has been suggested that the potential stigma and social isolation of being a young pregnant mum may be exacerbated by social media.

Tackling antenatal depression

It’s important that research like this isn’t used to blame mothers, and increase the already burdensome guilt attached to motherhood. It should instead be used to support families that need help. There is growing evidence that suggests the risks to the child from antenatal depression are not inevitable and can be buffered by positive environments and supportive families and communities.

Antenatal depression is routinely screened for by midwives, as recommended by national guidelines. However, in most areas, nowhere near as many women who indicate high levels of symptoms in these types of surveys actually come forward to get help from midwives or GPs.

This may be because women don’t identify with the label of depression. The symptoms which were driving the increase in poor mental health in our study were reported feelings of fear and being overwhelmed. Currently, guidelines suggest that midwives should consider asking about anxiety as an optional suggestion, but our study found that this may be very important to ask. Discussions around emotions or whatever women feel comfortable with, rather than terms like depression, could help more women come forward.

However, the issue remains that if depression and anxiety is more common among young mothers, it’s likely that there are a lot more women out there to support than specialist services can cope with. There are just not enough resources.

As well as more funding for such services, there needs to be support within the community. Perhaps it is also time to talk about how modern life might need to change to support young women, before this rise in antenatal depression takes its toll on the next generation too.

Source: IOL